@baizanLinkingSocialClass2020

(2020) - Pau Baizan

Journal: Advances in Life Course Research
Link:: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040260820300605
DOI:: 10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100377
Links::
Tags:: #paper #SocialClass #LabourMarket #Family
Cite Key:: [@baizanLinkingSocialClass2020]

Abstract

I outline a theoretical background for interpreting the effects of social class on fertility, based on social class and welfare regime theory. Social class differentials lead to different levels of economic wellbeing and security, compatibility of employment and childcare roles, and of gender equality. I hypothesize that class-specific combinations of these variables result in different incentives for and constraints on family formation, and thus different fertility levels. I use the Spanish sample of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Con ditions for the years 2004–2015 and event history analysis techniques to analyze second-birth probabilities. A substantial positive effect of social class on second birth probabilities was found. The results also indicated that the mechanisms concerning the effects of class do not work in a monotonic way, and that specific combinations of mechanisms are relevant for each social group. Overall, the analyses showed that social class is not only key to understand intracountry differentials in fertility but also useful to understand the functioning of the welfare regime and its relationship to overall levels of fertility.

Notes

"capture social stratification, such as education, income, or ethnicity. It and especially the position in the occupational division of labor, i.e., social class, that is fundamental to the generation of social inequalities (Breen Rottman, 1995; Goldthorpe, 2007). &" (Baizan 2020:100377)

"substantial positive effect of social class on second birth probabilities was found." (Baizan 2020:100377)

"Social class differentials lead to different levels of economic wellbeing and security, compatibility of employment and childcare roles, and of gender equality." (Baizan 2020:100377)

"results also indicated that the mechanisms concerning the effects of class do not work in a monotonic way, and that specific combinations of mechanisms are relevant for each social group" (Baizan 2020:100377)

"c fertility patterns. ot be narrowly based on how inOf course, the abor markets, and the market mechanisms implied by them, impact fertility decisions. To start with, the very labor market relations and the inequalities they generate are largely shaped by social institutions, the welfare state in particular (Esping-Andersen, 1993, 2015; Kohli, 2007)." (Baizan 2020:100378)

"v ariable, naturally usen education and (potential) income as indicators.the market, it is actual participation in the labor market, and the class positions it entails, that determines the distribution of resources that form the basis for material inequality (Müller & Gangl, 2003)." (Baizan 2020:100378)

"research (Goldthorpe, 2007; Rose & Harrison,s 2007; Weber, 1978). om social relations in economic life or, more specifically, from employment relations. A first differentiation is made between employers, the self-employed, and employees." (Baizan 2020:100378)

"modern societies amajority of the active population are employees, aerring to the form of the employment contract typical of each occupational class, taking into account both the explicit and implicit features of it. Two dimensions are seen as crucial to determine the form of regulation of employment contracts, which differ by occupation. First, employers face the problem of monitoring the work of employees" (Baizan 2020:100378)

"i.e., measuring its amount and supervising and controlling its quality. cificity of the skills, experience, and knowledge held by the employee, and how specific and valuable they are for the employer" (Baizan 2020:100378)

"er-level technicians" (Goldthorpe, 2007). consider individual's class positions or household's class positions (Erikson, 1984; Rose & Harrison, 2007). The focus on life chances and consumption standards, as well as the fact that fertility decisions are generally made by couples, would imply a focus on the household's (or couple's) class as the unit of analysis. But this may lead to neglect the particular job conditions experienced by individuals, including the degree of autonomy, work schedules, and job security, that are crucial for role compatibility and for labor force attachment, especially for women. Therefore, the analyses should consider both perspectives, since they are potentially relevant to fertility" (Baizan 2020:100378)

"A key point highlighted by much of the literature is that the employment relations associated with each occupational class hold strong implications for inequalities in terms of several dimensions of individuals' economic security, including employment security (i.e., risk mployment), income stability (shortterm fluctuations in earnings), and the level of earnings and its evolution over the life course (Goldthorpe McKnight, 2006). &" (Baizan 2020:100379)

"ociated with social class. tial body of literature has shown, economic security, and especially employment security, is an important determinant of family formation (Blossfeld, Mills, Klijzing, Kurz, 2005; Oppenheimer, & 1988)." (Baizan 2020:100379)

"d steep income profiles that generally peak beyond childbearing age, e progression and lead to a basically flat pattern beyond age 30 (Goldthorpe & McKnight, 2006; Sigle-Rushton & Waldfogel, 2007)." (Baizan 2020:100379)

"In particular, paid between labor market participation and childcare. y high social classes (Ermisch, 1989), who generally also enjoy higher access and derive higher earnings from maternity and paternity leave." (Baizan 2020:100379)

"elp explain why gender equality is positively associated with the socialn class. which gender role specialization is negatively linked to social class (Baizan, Domínguez, & Gonz ́alez, 2014; Plantin, 2007; Raley, Bianchi, & Wang, 2012)." (Baizan 2020:100379)

"qualities inside the household and in the labor market are interrelated. class constraints lead to a diversity of household work organization models in connection to childbirth (Crompton, 1999; Pfau-Effinger, 2005)." (Baizan 2020:100379)

"nection to childbirth (Crompton, 1999; Pfau-Effinger, 2005). First, between the roles of mother and worker, as it allows women to stay in the labor market and reduce employment and income penalties." (Baizan 2020:100379)

"gregation in particular occupations andconstrain their class mobility. tinuous or part-time employment creates disincentives for employers to invest in women's skills." (Baizan 2020:100379)

"The framework just outlined suggests that social class, together with welfare regime institutions, should have a substantial impact on the levels of economic security, role compatibility, and gender equality, resulting in differentials in fertility leve" (Baizan 2020:100380)

"11 The classification proposed by Wright, 2015, although based in a Marxist" (Baizan 2020:100381)

"r preceding each wave. f models are presented, one adopting a household class perspective (Tables 2 and 4), and another for woman's class (Tables 3 and 5). Preference is given to the household class models, however, since they depict the economic situation relevant to fertility decisions while avoiding the potential endogeneity between women's class attainment and fertility." (Baizan 2020:100383)